含纳米SiO 2或纳米TiO 2微弧氧化纯镁生物涂层可促进成骨细胞增殖及活性

背景：微弧氧化技术可增强镁及其合金的耐腐蚀性,提高其表面生物性能。
　　目的：为了调控医用纯镁的生物活性,在镀液中添加纳米 SiO2或纳米 TiO2对纯镁微弧氧化涂层改良,研究其对成骨细胞增殖及分化的影响。
　　方法：将圆形镁片分为3组,其中两组分别置入含7.5 g/L纳米SiO2或4.8 g/L纳米TiO2的硅酸盐电解液中进行表面微弧氧化处理,以未作任何处理的纯镁作为对照。将第3代成骨细胞分别接种于3组试件表面,观察成骨细胞的早期形态、增殖与碱性磷酸酶活性。
　　结果与结论：成骨细胞在纳米SiO2组、纳米TiO2组试件表面生长状态良好,轮廓清晰,呈长梭形,多角形;在对照组表面生长状态较差。CCK-8检测显示,3组细胞吸光度值与碱性磷酸酶活性随时间推移呈上升趋势,纳米SiO2组、纳米TiO2组试件接种1,3,5 d的细胞增殖活性高于对照组;纳米SiO2组、纳米TiO2组接种3,5 d的细胞碱性磷酸酶活性高于对照组。结果表明纳米SiO2或纳米TiO2微弧氧化生物涂层可促进成骨细胞增殖及成骨活性,具有良好的生物相容性。     

植入物内固定修复老年下肢骨折:不同麻醉方法对血流动力学及镇痛的影响

背景：目前腰麻-硬膜外联合麻醉中,其用药方式与单独腰麻和硬膜外麻醉用药无太大差别,即先以较大剂量腰麻,而硬膜外用于确保效果和术后镇痛。近年来国内外有学者提出一些新的观点：腰麻先给予小剂量、低浓度的局麻药,再予硬膜外衔接以小剂量、低浓度的局麻药,真正发挥腰麻与硬膜外的联合作用,可以达到完善麻醉效果,以减少不良反应和并发症。
　　目的：分析小剂量低密度腰麻-硬膜外联合麻醉在老年下肢骨折修复手术中的应用效果。
　　方法：选取惠州市中心人民医院择期行单侧下肢手术患者68例,按照麻醉方式分为对照组与观察组,各34例。对照组采用连续硬膜外麻醉,观察组采用小剂量低密度腰麻-硬膜外联合麻醉。对比分析两组患者麻醉阻滞起效时间、阻滞完善时间、麻醉药物用量、下肢改良Bromage评分及血流动力学变化。
　　结果与结论：观察组麻醉阻滞起效时间、阻滞完善时间、麻醉药物用量及下肢改良Bromage评分与对照组比较,观察组优于对照组,差异有显著性意义(P <0.05)。两组患者麻醉后5,10 min平均动脉压显著低于麻醉前(P <0.05),其余指标差异无显著性意义。两组患者术后生命体征平稳,且无术后认知功能障碍发生。提示采用小剂量低密度腰麻联合硬膜外麻醉具有起效快、用量少、阻滞完全、镇痛效果好等优点。临床将其应用于老年下肢骨折修复手术,对患者血流动力学影响较小,且可达到较为完善的镇痛效果。     

支架置入冠状动脉分叉病变后的生物相容性

背景:通过检测CYP2C19基因分型可评估冠状动脉内支架置入患者对氯吡格雷反应性的高低,但目前国内尚缺乏通过检测CYP2C19基因分型指导分叉病变部位支架置入后抗血小板治疗的临床应用。目的:根据CYP2C19基因分型结果,优化冠状动脉分叉病变支架置入后抗血小板治疗方案的效果。方法:纳入136例冠状动脉分叉病变支架置入患者,于支架置入前进行阿司匹林联合氯吡格雷抗血小板治疗,7 d后检测CYP2C19基因分型。若CYP2C19基因分型为*1/*1的作为合格组,支架置入后服用氯吡格雷75 mg/d;若CYP2C19基因分型为*2/*2、*2/*3、*3/*3的作为不合格组,再随机分为2组,一组为常规剂量组,支架置入后即保持氯吡格雷75 mg/d治疗不变,另一组为大剂量组,即增加氯吡格雷剂量为150 mg/d长期服用。随访9个月记录主要心脏不良事件和出血事件发生情况。结果与结论:发生主要心脏不良事件14例中,合格组6例(7.9%)、常规剂量组6例(17.7%)、大剂量组2例(7.7%),合格组发生率明显低于常规剂量组(P<0.05),提示CYP2C19基因分型有较好预测主要心脏不良事件的价值;大剂量组发生率明显小于常规剂量组(P<0.05),说明在CYP2C19基因分型监测下增加抗血小板药物剂量,能明显降低主要心脏不良事件的发生率;大剂量组发生率与合格组比较差异无显著性意义(P>0.05),提示通过检测CYP2C19基因分型,优化氯吡格雷剂量可达到与合格组相同的临床效果。3组出血事件发生率比较差异无显著性意义(P>0.05),提示通过检测CYP2C19基因分型抗血小板治疗不会增加出血风险。     

Can the critically ill consent to participation in commercial television programmes? An Australian prehospital and emergency medicine perspective

The fly‐on‐the‐wall medical documentary is a popular television phenomenon. When patients can give appropriate consent to filming, the final product can be both educational for the public and rewarding for its subjects. However, in the dynamic world of emergency and prehospital medicine, consenting critically ill patients before filming is a significant challenge. The main barriers to gaining valid consent in the field and in the ED are limited time to inform the patient and the diminished capacity of the sick patient. Although there is an argument that involvement in a commercial film might be beneficial to several parties, including the patient, these benefits do not amount to therapeutic necessity if prior consent is not obtainable. Despite this, we still see acutely incapacitated patients featured in some television programmes. In these cases, the conventional process of consent might be being sidestepped in order to obtain permission for broadcast retrospectively. This alternative process fails to recognise that incapacitated patients require protection from an invasion of privacy that occurs when a crew is filming their resuscitations. This harm has already occurred by the time consent is sought. Ultimate responsibility for defending the patients' interests during their medical treatment rests with the medical practitioner. We argue that filming a patient without prior consent in both the prehospital and emergency environment is ethically unsound: it threatens trust in the healthcare relationship and might compromise the patient's dignity and privacy. Robust guidelines should be developed for all healthcare professionals who engage with commercial film crews.     

Tyranny of distance and rural prehospital care: Is there potential for a national rural responder network?

Critical illness intersects with the workload of rural doctors in Australia, mostly via their on‐call responsibilities to rural hospitals. A significant proportion of these are prehospital incidents – vehicle crashes, farming injuries, bushfire etc. Effective care for such patients requires an integration of prehospital ambulance services, retrieval services and tertiary level trauma services all the way through to rehabilitation. Ambulance services in rural areas are often volunteer based, and with increasing remoteness via the ‘tyranny of distance’ comes the likelihood of increased delay in arrival of specialist retrieval services. Potential exists to utilise rural clinicians to respond to prehospital incidents in certain defined circumstances, as suggested by a recent survey of rural doctors.     

We Built This House; It’s Time to Move in: Leveraging Existing DICOM Structure to More Completely Utilize Readily Available Detailed Contrast Administration Information

The Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) standard is the universal format for interoperability in medical imaging. In addition to imaging data, DICOM has evolved to support a wide range of imaging metadata including contrast administration data that is readily available from many modern contrast injectors. Contrast agent, route of administration, start and stop time, volume, flow rate, and duration can be recorded using DICOM attributes [1]. While this information is sparsely and inconsistently recorded in routine clinical practice, it could potentially be of significant diagnostic value. This work will describe parameters recorded by automatic contrast injectors, summarize the DICOM mechanisms available for tracking contrast injection data, and discuss the role of such data in clinical radiology.     

Automatic Identification of Web-Based Risk Markers for Health Events

Background

The escalating cost of global health care is driving the development of new technologies to identify early indicators of an individual’s risk of disease. Traditionally, epidemiologists have identified such risk factors using medical databases and lengthy clinical studies but these are often limited in size and cost and can fail to take full account of diseases where there are social stigmas or to identify transient acute risk factors.

Objective

Here we report that Web search engine queries coupled with information on Wikipedia access patterns can be used to infer health events associated with an individual user and automatically generate Web-based risk markers for some of the common medical conditions worldwide, from cardiovascular disease to sexually transmitted infections and mental health conditions, as well as pregnancy.

Methods

Using anonymized datasets, we present methods to first distinguish individuals likely to have experienced specific health events, and classify them into distinct categories. We then use the self-controlled case series method to find the incidence of health events in risk periods directly following a user’s search for a query category, and compare to the incidence during other periods for the same individuals.

Results

Searches for pet stores were risk markers for allergy. We also identified some possible new risk markers; for example: searching for fast food and theme restaurants was associated with a transient increase in risk of myocardial infarction, suggesting this exposure goes beyond a long-term risk factor but may also act as an acute trigger of myocardial infarction. Dating and adult content websites were risk markers for sexually transmitted infections, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

Conclusions

Web-based methods provide a powerful, low-cost approach to automatically identify risk factors, and support more timely and personalized public health efforts to bring human and economic benefits.     

Comparing image search behaviour in the ARRS GoldMiner search engine and a clinical PACS/RIS

Information search has changed the way we manage knowledge and the ubiquity of information access has made search a frequent activity, whether via Internet search engines or increasingly via mobile devices. Medical information search is in this respect no different and much research has been devoted to analyzing the way in which physicians aim to access information. Medical image search is a much smaller domain but has gained much attention as it has different characteristics than search for text documents. While web search log files have been analysed many times to better understand user behaviour, the log files of hospital internal systems for search in a PACS/RIS (Picture Archival and Communication System, Radiology Information System) have rarely been analysed. Such a comparison between a hospital PACS/RIS search and a web system for searching images of the biomedical literature is the goal of this paper. Objectives are to identify similarities and differences in search behaviour of the two systems, which could then be used to optimize existing systems and build new search engines.Log files of the ARRS GoldMiner medical image search engine (freely accessible on the Internet) containing 222,005 queries, and log files of Stanford’s internal PACS/RIS search called radTF containing 18,068 queries were analysed. Each query was preprocessed and all query terms were mapped to the RadLex (Radiology Lexicon) terminology, a comprehensive lexicon of radiology terms created and maintained by the Radiological Society of North America, so the semantic content in the queries and the links between terms could be analysed, and synonyms for the same concept could be detected. RadLex was mainly created for the use in radiology reports, to aid structured reporting and the preparation of educational material (Lanlotz, 2006) [1]. In standard medical vocabularies such as MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) and UMLS (Unified Medical Language System) specific terms of radiology are often underrepresented, therefore RadLex was considered to be the best option for this task.The results show a surprising similarity between the usage behaviour in the two systems, but several subtle differences can also be noted. The average number of terms per query is 2.21 for GoldMiner and 2.07 for radTF, the used axes of RadLex (anatomy, pathology, findings, …) have almost the same distribution with clinical findings being the most frequent and the anatomical entity the second; also, combinations of RadLex axes are extremely similar between the two systems. Differences include a longer length of the sessions in radTF than in GoldMiner (3.4 and 1.9 queries per session on average). Several frequent search terms overlap but some strong differences exist in the details. In radTF the term “normal” is frequent, whereas in GoldMiner it is not. This makes intuitive sense, as in the literature normal cases are rarely described whereas in clinical work the comparison with normal cases is often a first step.The general similarity in many points is likely due to the fact that users of the two systems are influenced by their daily behaviour in using standard web search engines and follow this behaviour in their professional search. This means that many results and insights gained from standard web search can likely be transferred to more specialized search systems. Still, specialized log files can be used to find out more on reformulations and detailed strategies of users to find the right content.     

A research framework for pharmacovigilance in health social media: Identification and evaluation of patient adverse drug event reports

Social media offer insights of patients’ medical problems such as drug side effects and treatment failures. Patient reports of adverse drug events from social media have great potential to improve current practice of pharmacovigilance. However, extracting patient adverse drug event reports from social media continues to be an important challenge for health informatics research. In this study, we develop a research framework with advanced natural language processing techniques for integrated and high-performance patient reported adverse drug event extraction. The framework consists of medical entity extraction for recognizing patient discussions of drug and events, adverse drug event extraction with shortest dependency path kernel based statistical learning method and semantic filtering with information from medical knowledge bases, and report source classification to tease out noise. To evaluate the proposed framework, a series of experiments were conducted on a test bed encompassing about postings from major diabetes and heart disease forums in the United States. The results reveal that each component of the framework significantly contributes to its overall effectiveness. Our framework significantly outperforms prior work.